As an alternative, Gram-stain-based microbiological diagnosis ... specificity, and positive and negative predictive values when weighted against both Amsel's criteria and Nugent criteria.

During the 10 yr studied, 778 TBI patients received mechanical ventilation for 2 days or more and 36 (5%) met study criteria. Ten (28%) patients had RICH controlled (ICP < 20 mm Hg) within 6 hours ...