Network protocols are formal standards and policies consisting of rules, procedures, and formats that define how data is exchanged over networks. They ensure that devices can communicate effectively, ...

Listen carefully. The top level of the OSI Reference Model and the IETF protocol stack is the application layer. The application layer, however, doesn’t do applications. It provides services such as ...

Not long after you begin to work in computing, the truth of Murphy’s Law — “What can go wrong, will” — becomes apparent. As you move on to networking, you realize the reality of Murphy’s Law of ...