The two-dimensional spatial distribution of mass due to gluons in the nucleon (left) and the pion (right), simulated at seven valence pion masses with lattice quantum chromodynamics. Credit: Bigeng ...

The particles that are in an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons The particles that are in protons and neutrons: quarks The four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force and ...

Quantum chromodynamics, or QCD, is the theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons. Lattice QCD uses supercomputers to explore 'tantalizing hints' of new physics in discrepancies ...

As they probe deeper into the heart of the atom, discovering ever smaller and more mysterious particles and particles within particles, scientists have succeeded in bringing the once stable world of ...

But do the calculations agree with the known inertial masses of subatomic particles? Why are quarks heavier than electrons, even though they have less charge? And why are the particles called muons ...

As the youthful universe congealed under the pull of gravity, matter knotted itself into galaxies, galaxy clusters and filaments, weaving a dazzlingly intricate cosmic web. This web’s structure is ...

Of all the subatomic particles that have any mass at all, the neutrino is the lightest by far. In comparison, the electron, itself a quantum featherweight, has a mass that is at least 500,000 times ...

Neutrinos are known to have tiny masses. A new result proclaims the subatomic particles to be even tinier still. Neutrinos are the only class of fundamental particle for which the mass, one of the ...