PCIe has been around since 2004. It’s a high-speed serial computer expansion bus specification that replaces older PCI and PCI-X standards. PCIe currently supports the Generation 4 specification. In ...

Data converters are critical elements in communication systems forming bridges between analog transmission media such as fiber optics, microwave, RF, and digital processing blocks such as FPGAs and ...

first half wave and a second half wave representing the received RF signal.

In a rock band, the drummer keeps the beat steady and the other musicians follow the rhythm. The drummer keeps the entire band in sync. The same concept is true when you integrate multiple instruments ...

Occasionally you might need a simple clock module for various projects. A small CMOS clock module, such as the one presented here, is not capable of offering as much precision as a clock module built ...

The heart of NIST’s next-generation miniature atomic clock ticking at high “optical” frequencies is this vapor cell on a chip, shown next to a coffee bean for scale. The glass cell (the square window ...

Scientists have generated a real-time signal of an accurate time scale by combining an optical lattice clock and a hydrogen maser. The signal generated in this optical-microwave hybrid system ...

The system in Figure 2 uses the ADF4372 PLL (see Figure 5), a wideband synthesizer with integrated VCO, that allows the implementation of fractional-N or integer-N frequency synthesizers when used ...

Physicists have demonstrated an experimental, next-generation atomic clock -- ticking at high 'optical' frequencies -- that is much smaller than usual, made of just three small chips plus supporting ...